How to Install WordPress on Ubuntu

Most Ubuntu servers can handle far more than a single website. Hosting multiple sites on the same server helps you use resources more efficiently and cut costs.

This guide will walk you through the essential steps for installing and configuring multiple WordPress websites using the popular Nginx (LEMP) stack.

Why Host Multiple Sites on a Single Server?

Before diving into the technical steps, let’s clarify why consolidating websites onto one server using Nginx is such a good strategy:

Significant Cost Savings: This is often the most compelling benefit. Instead of paying for multiple hosting plans or servers, you use the hardware or VPS plan you already have, drastically reducing monthly hosting costs.
Optimized Resource Utilization: Make full use of your server’s CPU, RAM, and storage. Many websites, especially those with low-to-moderate or complementary traffic patterns (e.g., one busy during the day, another at night), can coexist happily without demanding excessive individual server resources.
Easier Maintenance: Managing updates and configurations on a single server is often simpler than maintaining multiple separate environments.
Centralized Infrastructure: Server-wide tasks like backups, security scanning, or performance monitoring become more streamlined when focused on a single machine hosting multiple WordPress sites.

Steps for Hosting Multiple WordPress Sites on Ubuntu via Nginx

Follow these steps to host multiple WordPress sites on a single Ubuntu server using the Nginx stack.

For enhanced security and easier management down the line, we’ll follow the best practice of creating a separate database and a dedicated database user for each WordPress site. This isolates each site’s data, preventing potential issues on one site from affecting others.

Step 1: Install the LEMP Stack (Nginx, MariaDB/MySQL, PHP)

First, install the LEMP stack (Linux, Nginx, MariaDB, and PHP) which provides the foundation for your WordPress sites:

(L)inux: The operating system (Ubuntu, in our case).
(E)Nginx: (Pronounced “Engine-X”) Our high-performance web server. This software listens for incoming connections from visitors’ browsers and serves the appropriate web pages or passes requests to other processes (like PHP).
(M)ariaDB/MySQL: The database system that stores WordPress content. WordPress needs a database to store posts, pages, user information, settings, theme/plugin options, and more. We’ll install MariaDB, a widely used, community-developed fork of MySQL, which functions as a seamless replacement.
(P)HP: WordPress uses the PHP scripting language.
- php-fpm (FastCGI Process Manager): This library serves web requests with Nginx.
- php-mysql: WordPress uses this library to communicate with the database.

Execute the following commands on your Ubuntu server to install the necessary software:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install nginx php8.3-cli php8.3-fpm php8.3-mysql mariadb-server -y

In addition to this, WordPress also relies on several specific PHP extensions to perform various tasks such as handling images (php-gd), managing international characters (php-intl, php-mbstring), dealing with XML data (php-xml, php-xmlrpc), working with zip files (php-zip), and making external requests (php-curl). We need to install these alongside PHP-FPM.

Install these PHP extensions now to avoid errors later:

sudo apt install php8.3-curl php8.3-gd php8.3-intl php8.3-mbstring php8.3-soap php8.3-xml php8.3-zip -y

With the core LEMP stack installed, our server now has the essential building blocks ready.

Step 2: Secure MariaDB/MySQL Installation

After installing the database server, you need to run the included security script to initialize your database.

Run the security script and follow the prompts to:

Set a root password
Remove anonymous users
Disallow remote root login
Delete the test database
Reload privileges

sudo mysql_secure_installation

This process is fairly simple, just follow the on-screen prompts and select the default options.

📖 Suggested read: How to Change/Reset MySQL Root Password on Ubuntu Linux?

Step 3: Create Database and User for the First WordPress Site

Create a separate database and user for each site to isolate data and improve security. If you create multiple websites on the same server, you must execute the following commands separately for each site you create, and with unique credentials.

sudo mysql -u root -p
# Enter the root password you set during mysql_secure_installation in Step 2
Create the database (use a descriptive name, e.g., runcloud_site1_db):
CREATE DATABASE runcloud_site1_db CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci;

Create a dedicated database user (replace runcloud_site1_user and YourStrongRunCloudPassword):

CREATE USER 'runcloud_site1_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'YourStrongRunCloudPassword';

Using ‘localhost’ means this user can only connect from the server, which is more secure.

Grant privileges to this newly created user only on their specific database:

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON runcloud_site1_db.* TO 'runcloud_site1_user'@'localhost';

Apply the changes and exit the MariaDB/MySQL shell:

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;

Step 4: Download and Prepare WordPress Files for the First Site

Next, you need to download and extract the WordPress core files on your server. Before doing that, you must decide where to keep these files. Most website administrators keep these files in the /var/www/ directory. You can do this using the following command:

sudo mkdir -p /var/www/runcloud_site1.com/public_html

In the above command, replace runcloud_site1.com with the actual domain or a descriptive name for the site.

Download and extract WordPress into your site’s root folder:

cd /tmp
wget https://wordpress.org/latest.tar.gz

Extract the archive into the correct folder. Once again, make sure to replace the runcloud_site1.com with the name of the folder that you created earlier.

tar -xzf latest.tar.gz -C /var/www/runcloud_site1.com/public_html/ --strip-components=1

Set the correct ownership and permissions so Nginx and PHP-FPM can access them. To do this, replace the runcloud_site1.com in the following command with your domain name and run it in your terminal:

sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/runcloud_site1.com/public_html

Step 5: Configure Nginx Server Block for the First Site

Nginx uses server block files (similar to Apache’s Virtual Hosts) to manage individual sites. Inside each block, we will define important details about how to handle web requests for this website.

server_name: This tells Nginx which domain name(s) (like yourdomain.com or www.yourdomain.com) this block is responsible for.
root: This specifies the exact directory on your server where the website’s files (your WordPress installation) are located.

By creating a separate server block for each website, Nginx knows precisely where to direct incoming traffic based on the requested domain.

Create a new Nginx configuration file for your site in sites-available using the following command:

sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/runcloud_site1.com.conf

In this config file, paste the configuration below, making sure you first replace the following placeholders:

runcloud_site1.com and www.runcloud_site1.com with your actual domain(s) or any subdomain you configure in step 6.
/var/www/runcloud_site1.com/public_html with the correct path to your site’s files.
php8.3-fpm.sock with the correct PHP-FPM socket path if you are using a different PHP version.

If you are unsure how to do this, refer to our blog post, which explains how to edit files on remote servers with SSH and Nano.

    server {
    listen 80;
    listen [::]:80; # For IPv6
    server_name runcloud_site1.com www.runcloud_site1.com; # Your domain(s) here
    root /var/www/runcloud_site1.com/public_html; # Path to WP files
    index index.php index.html index.htm;
    # Handle requests - try file, then directory, then pass to WordPress
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args;
    }
    # Pass PHP scripts to PHP-FPM
    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        # Make sure the socket path matches your PHP version
        fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php8.3-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
    }
    location = /wp-config.php {
        deny all;
    }
    # Add caching headers for static files (optional but recommended)
    location ~* \.(css|js|jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|svg|woff|woff2)$ {
        expires 1M;
        access_log off;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, max-age=604800";
    }
    # Handle favicon/robots.txt directly (optional)
    location = /favicon.ico { log_not_found off; access_log off; }
    location = /robots.txt { log_not_found off; access_log off; allow all; }
}

Save and close the file (Ctrl+X, then Y, then Enter).

After this, you need to enable the site by creating a symbolic link from sites-available to sites-enabled:

sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/runcloud_site1.com.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

After creating the configuration, you can deploy it immediately. However, it is always a good idea to test this configuration before deploying.

Run the following command to check the syntax of your configuration file:

sudo nginx -t

If you get a message that says “test is successful”, you can proceed to the next step. Otherwise, you will need to review your config file for typos.

Finally, reload Nginx to load the new site configuration using the following command:

sudo systemctl reload nginx

Step 6: Configure DNS Records

Ideally, you should configure your DNS records first, and then install WordPress on your server. DNS propagation is a slow process, and it can take anywhere between 30 seconds and 48 hours for the changes to propagate.

The exact steps to do this will vary depending on your VPS provider and DNS registrar. For example, if you are using DigitalOcean to host your server and purchased your domain from Cloudflare, then you will need to log in to your Cloudflare account and create an A record for your domain (runcloud_site1.com) pointing to your server’s public IPv4 address.

Also, create a CNAME record for www pointing to runcloud_site1.com, or a separate A record if you prefer. Add AAAA records if using IPv6.

If you are hosting multiple websites on the same server, then you will need to create a separate DNS record for each domain name and point them to the same IP address.

If you face any errors or want to learn more, then we recommend visiting the RunCloud blog, where we have already published in-depth articles on the following topics:

Step 7: Run the WordPress Installation

After creating your DNS records, wait a couple of minutes. Once the DNS records have propagated, open your web browser and navigate to your domain name (e.g., http://runcloud_site1.com).

You should see the WordPress setup screen. Select your language.

installing WordPress on ubuntu linux server

In the next step, you’ll be asked for database information. Enter the details you created in Step 3:

Database Name: runcloud_site1_db
Username: runcloud_site1_user
Password: YourStrongRunCloudPassword
Database Host: localhost
Table Prefix: wp_ (or change if desired)

WordPress will attempt to connect to the database and create the wp-config.php file. Once the database connection is successful, click “Run the installation“.

On the next screen, provide your site title, create an administrator username with a strong password, and enter your email address.

Finally, click “Install WordPress“. Once the installation is complete, you will be greeted with the following screen:

Now you can log in to your new WordPress dashboard!

Step 8: Setting Up Additional WordPress Sites (Optional)

To host more websites (e.g., site2.org), repeat the relevant steps for each new site:

Database: Repeat Step 3 to create a new, separate database (e.g., site2_db) and a new, dedicated user (e.g., site2_user) with a unique, strong password, granting privileges only on site2_db.

Files: Repeat Step 4 to create a new directory (e.g., /var/www/site2.org/public_html), download/extract WordPress into it, and set the correct www-data ownership.
Nginx Config: Repeat Step 5 to create a new Nginx server block file (e.g., /etc/nginx/sites-available/site2.org.conf). Make sure to update the server_name directive to site2.org www.site2.org and the root directive to /var/www/site2.org/public_html. Remember to use the correct fastcgi_pass socket path. Enable the new site (sudo ln -s …), test, and restart Nginx using the commands provided above.
DNS: Repeat Step 6, pointing the DNS records for site2.org (and www.site2.org) to your server’s IP address.
WordPress Install: Repeat Step 7, navigating to http://site2.org (once DNS propagates) and using the database credentials created specifically for site2 during the web setup.

Nginx uses the Host header from the incoming HTTP request (which contains the domain name the user typed) to match against the server_name directives in your enabled configuration files. This is how it routes traffic to the correct website’s document root and configuration block.

Final Thoughts & Your Next Steps

You’ve now installed and configured the LEMP stack to host multiple WordPress sites on Ubuntu using Nginx.

While your sites are technically up and running, getting them truly production-ready requires additional steps:

Handling Direct IP / Unmatched Domain Visits: What should happen if someone tries to access your server via its IP address directly, or uses a domain name you haven’t configured in an Nginx server block? You should configure a default Nginx block to catch these requests, perhaps redirecting them to your primary website’s homepage or showing a specific landing page.
Optimizing Performance:
- Image Processing: Installing the imagick PHP extension can significantly improve how WordPress handles image manipulation and optimization, leading to faster load times.
- Caching: Enabling caching can significantly speed up your website. This can involve several layers: Nginx caching for static assets, PHP opcode caching (like OPcache), and WordPress-level caching plugins (e.g., W3 Total Cache, WP Super Cache).
Securing Your Sites with SSL: In today’s web, HTTPS is non-negotiable. You must configure SSL/TLS certificates for all your domains to encrypt traffic, protect user data, improve SEO, and build trust.
Implementing Automated Backups: What happens if something goes wrong? You must configure regular, automated backups of your website files (/var/www/) and databases.
Adopting a Safe Workflow with Staging: Making changes directly on a live site is risky. Setting up a staging environment allows you to safely test updates (WordPress core, themes, plugins) or new features before deploying them to the public-facing site.

As you can see, moving from a basic setup to fully managed, secure, and optimized hosting involves considerable ongoing effort. Manually configuring default server behavior, tuning performance, managing SSL certificates for multiple domains, scheduling reliable backups, and setting up staging environments are complex and time-consuming and leave significant room for error, especially as you add more sites.

This is exactly why we built RunCloud.

You’ve seen how much time and effort it takes to manually set up and manage multiple WordPress sites on a single server.

RunCloud does the heavy lifting for you.